Medieval Medicine Essays

Medieval Medicine Essays Medieval Medicine Essay Medieval Medicine Essay When we hear the word medication, doesnt that suggest it is a solution for fix an ailment or malady? Medication is utilized to reestablish our confidence, trust, and in particular, our lives. For a long time, medication has been known to fix numerous individuals including the individuals who had scarcely an ounce of life left. Be that as it may, as the Middle Ages advanced, medieval medication got famous among individuals despite the fact that it was murdering them as opposed to recuperating them. One model is the Black Death. As this horrendous ailment was spreading quickly in Central Asia and Europe during the 1320s, a great many individuals were kicking the bucket and needed assistance. A few acts of medieval medication were Phlebotomy, or phlebotomy; which comprised of siphoning, measuring, and phlebotomy. (Livingston) Although patients frequently kicked the bucket on account of contaminations, the loss of cognizance, and cutting of courses, which caused relentless dying, numerous doctors accepted this was a technique for medical procedure. In siphoning, the doctor would join an annelid worm to the affected region and permit the bloodsucker to carry out its responsibility. With the measuring technique, when the cup was warmed hot enough, it acted like a vacuum and sucked the blood up through the skin. For phlebotomy, it was the immediate opening of a vein, for the most part within the arm, for the depleting of a generous amount of blood. (Livingston) The procedure of phlebotomy was from a thought that blood was to be drawn from a particular vein so it would influence a specific organ. As recently referenced the premise of most clinical information at the opportunity arrived from Galens Theory of the Four Humors. The hypothesis was that the body contained 4 significant components. These were Blood, Black Bile, Yellow Bile and Phlegm. It was gotten that on the off chance that these were not in impeccable equalization, at that point the body would endure and the patient would be sick, prompting one of the four conditions which were as a rule Melancholy, Phlegmatic, Choleric or Sanguine. 4 To reestablish the patient to full wellbeing it was comprehended that these four components should have been rebalanced. This for the most part happened by cleansing of the patient, all the more generally known as Bloodletting. This should be possible in three different ways. Opening of a vein, which frequently lead to the patient seeping to death; Cupping, which was simply puncturing the skin and gathering a limited quantity of blood in a cup; or the utilization of Leeches. The expression Leech was Anglo-Saxon for healer. 5 A patient could likewise be cleansed through the utilization of regular intestinal medicines. 6 Medical information at first grew diversely all through the world. The Arabs were pioneers at the time in medications and natural cures. They clung to the lessons of Galen and Hippocrates, but on the other hand were notorious for being front sprinters in the testing of new drugs. This was to a great extent a direct result of the way that the Koran instructed Muslims to deal with their kindred sick man, yet precluded dismemberment, so the Arabs could just truly progress in the field of medication. Simultaneously the Indians and Chinese were quickly getting scandalous for their propelled Surgery methods. By 1300 the Indians had built up a type of Skin join called the Indian Graft which is as yet being used of today. Simultaneously the Chinese had created propelled types of needle therapy to help lighten torment. By around 1400 because of exchange courses extending from the far east right to Europe, prescriptions and clinical methodology were getting unified because of the developing simplicity at which information was being spread. Doctors of the time were instructed in the developing number of Universities spread across Europe. Basically the Universities were focussed in Northern Italy and Southern Spain yet there were 2 Universities in England, one in Oxford and one in Cambridge. In spite of they were still not very many and far between and qualified doctors were exceptionally uncommon products. As a result of this they charged enormous expenses and were commonly just available to the higher classes. 10 During a doctors preparing, he could never really come into direct contact with a patient. All they would learn would be crafted by Galen and how to regard a patients instead of understanding the idea of the patients affliction. There were a few exemptions to this, for example, the clinical school in Bologna, which got scandalous for the way that it had practical experience in hands on educating of medical procedure. 11 The normal ordinary person just approached clinical information through two unique courses. Right off the bat there was the Barber Surgeon, who might show up in a town each market day. He would have the option to perform fundamental errands, for example, the pulling of teeth, setting of bones and removals. This would for the most part occur on the road encompassed by watchers and all the foulness that gathered in the road. As you can envision this wasnt an especially perfect procedure, and hair stylist specialists were scandalous for spreading of germs and sickness using contaminated gear. This utilization of filthy gear likewise lead to high quantities of individuals medical procedures getting contaminated. The subsequent choice the ordinary person would have is visit a nearby astute lady. This would regularly be an educated more seasoned woman who had a reasonable handle of different drugs. She could suggest medicines relying upon the affliction as per old books known as Leechdoms; which would have arrangements of prescriptions going back similarly as Anglo Saxon occasions. An issue numerous Wise Women confronted was on the off chance that their meds didn't work, at that point they were available to the allegation of black magic. 12 Medical information at the time was part into three principle fields. These were Medicine, Surgery and Bloodletting. Medication was essentially comprised of Herbs and Animals; anyway there was some utilization of minerals as well, for example, Ash. Most information on medication plans at the time was recorded in old writings, regularly going back similar to Galen. Clearly medication was a consistently improving field, with most headway occurring in the Arabic world as recently referenced. The greater part of the more seasoned cures by and large seemed to have no consistent explanation, yet individuals put stock in them because of the reality they had been recorded and gone on for such a long time. A case of this is John of Arderne, who suggested that somebody who experienced Epilepsy ought to have the scraps of a simmered Cuckoo exploded their nose as a fix. 13 Medical procedure in this period was progressive regarding its development. This was to a great extent down to the way that Western Religion (Catholicism) was against the act of dismemberment. Due to this reality not very many were set up to face the challenge of discovering increasingly about the human body. A case of one individual who had a decent handle of expert medical procedure is an Italian Physician called Mondino Di Luzzi, who turned out to be highly regarded in the realm of Medicine. 14 It wasnt truly until the fifteenth century that medical procedure started to propel all the more quickly as the congregation acknowledged it was basic to permit further examination into the human life structures. Most careful information on the time be that as it may, was gotten in the field of fight. This was because of the high number of supported setbacks that specialists needed to manage. The principle issue encompassing medical procedure at the time was the absence of an effective sedative. This lead to Surgery for the most part being the last type of activity taken against any infirmity. Individuals, for example, John of Arderne tried to create helpful sedatives utilizing such things as opium and heroin, however these infrequently worked and for the most part a patient must be secured or held down while a doctor took a shot at them. As you can envision this lead to a definitely high number of patients dieing from stun. 15 Bloodletting at the time was a most loved methodology of most doctors. This was on the grounds that, and I quote It clears the psyche, fortifies the memory, scrubs the guts, evaporates the mind, warms the marrow, hones the consultation and checks tears.. Advances Digestion, creates a melodic voice, dissipates tiredness, drives away tension, takes care of the bloods, frees it of noxious issues and gives long life.. it fixes torments, fevers and different infections and makes pee understood and clean16 As should be obvious with doctors really accepting the entirety of this, at that point phlebotomy appeared the marvel remedy for practically any sickness. Because of the high utilization of phlebotomy it turned into an exact science and there were many different blood draining focuses everywhere throughout the body. Different diseases related with a specific phlebotomy point. 17 Despite the advances in clinical comprehension there was as yet a genuine confidence in the extraordinary. Religion had a major impact. Numerous individuals saw that a disease was the discipline of God and that no one but God could lift this discipline from the individuals. In the midst of serious disease, for example, the plague strict radicalism was overflowing, with gatherings, for example, the flagellans strolling from town to town whipping themselves and asking absolution from God. 18 Also as a result of the confidence in Illness being the desire of God, numerous strict pioneers considered advances to be the clinical field as blasphemy. The main clinical information the congregation authoritatively perceived was the composition of Galen. They denied whatever else. This at last lead to the congregation obstructing as opposed to helping their kin. 19 Another perspective that had an enormous impact in Medicine was Astrology. It was required some investment as a quickly propelling science. There was a real conviction that the development of the planets influenced someones physical state. It was accepted that you could possibly work on somebody when their planets were in the right arrangement and it was surely difficult to ever work when the moon was related to a people specific star sign. Every single significant doctor would counsel an Astrologist before complete any treatment. 20 Partly, I accept to disperse the fault in the event that everything turned out badly. Odd notion likewise had an impact from multiple points of view at that point, as strange notion stills has an influence these days. In fourteenth Century Europe it was truly accepted that wh

Ethical Concepts in Counselling

Moral Concepts in Counseling Morals relates to convictions we hold about what comprises right direct. They are good standards received by an individual or gathering to give rules to right direct and speak to optimistic objectives or the most extreme gauges which are set and upheld by proficient affiliations. The American Counseling Associations (2005) Code of Ethics expresses that when advisors experience a moral quandary they are required to deliberately consider a moral dynamic procedure. While advising a customer, the advocate is given endless difficulties to perceive when and where a particular moral idea, standard and rule may be vital. Moral norms and rules educate our judgment as they help us perceive, thoroughly consider and discover or make way to manage a predicament. The manner in which we react to an issue has a lot to do with our feeling of what is important and right. In this viewpoint, the reaction is viewed as being reasonable and sensible for the customer or maybe is in the client’s wellb eing for proceeded with improvement. At the point when guides work from this profoundly close to home and abstract position, they call upon a feeling of ethical quality. Profound quality is worried about viewpoints of right and appropriate direct and includes an assessment of activities based on some more extensive social setting or strict norm. Profound quality fills in as an establishment to moral practice and dynamic. To choose morally is to initially choose ethically. (Qualities and Ethics in Counseling: Real â€Life Ethical Decision Making, Dana Heller Levit) Qualities relates to convictions and mentalities that give guidance to regular living. Customers moral issues turns into an issue when they pit moral, lawful or authoritative necessities against one another or when the moral codes become quiet on the customers issues. As for these , finding periodic irregularities among assets are inescapable. Accordingly, to choose a favored game-plan from among the clashing rules, guides utilize a dynamic model that permits them to gauge the overall significance of the data got. An organized strategy for data assortment and survey can encourage the moral dynamic procedure. The utilization of this model may assist advocates with avoiding moral offense and to seek after moral goals. The instructor basically should be curious toward the starting period of a moral dynamic procedure. The underlying advance is to distinguish the issue or the predicament based moral, good and lawful measurements by social event all applicable data that lights up the circumstance. At the end of the day, advisors need to acquire an away from of the idea of th e issue through the utilization of compelling guiding aptitudes, for example, reflexive inquiries. The subsequent advance includes a cautious assessment of the most basic issues disconnected from all the data assembled already. Now, endeavors ought to be made to audit the rights, obligations and the government assistance of customers and different partners worried about the situation. This survey stretches out to the point of considering the social parts of the circumstance impacting the customers government assistance. Moreover, the utilization moral standards of self-sufficiency, nonmaleficence, helpfulness, equity and loyalty to address the circumstance is unavoidable here. As to self-rule, the advisor ought to permit customers the option to pick and act as indicated by their inclination. Nonmaleficence is an essential worry that underscores on forgoing activities that may hazard hurting customers. A model would be improperly marking customers with analytic terms that may mean va riation from the norm, which could present genuine outcomes to the government assistance of the customer. Advantage is applied when advisors regard customers pride and advance the government assistance of customers. The standard of equity alludes to being reasonable and nondiscriminatory towards customers. Devotion manages loyalty to guarantees made and to reality. There lies an issue in maintaining loyalty when an advocate works with a minor customer and is committed to be faithful to the customer, while the rule of advantage may proposes that revelation might be best for the entire family. In such conditions, when advisors are left between the clashing standards, they may need to organize certain standards over others as required by the circumstance. The third step is to survey the moral codes that are pertinent to the difficult circumstance. Moral codes brief, manage and educate critical qualities and concerns with respect to moral conduct. Experts looked for the code of morals a nd inspect the specific areas pertinent to the problem to consider in the event that they offer potential arrangements. Now, they likewise consider if their qualities and morals are steady with or are in strife with the important codes. In case of an irregularity with a specific norm, instructors look for administrative direction and explain the issues. After redressing the irregularities, they produce a method of reasoning to help their position and archive their judgment and thinking to legitimize their activities to comprehend the predicament. The importance of the fourth step includes staying up with the latest on the applicable state and government laws that may apply to moral situations. So as to do as such, the instructor should be learned in the pertinent laws and guidelines. Simultaneously, deciphering these legitimate resolutions as per how they may identify with customers issue turns into a principal part of the dynamic procedure. This would be appropriate in issues of pe netrating classification, revealing maltreatment of the defenseless , managing issues that represent a peril to self or others, parental rights and record keeping. It will likewise get the job done to look for direction from proficient bodies concerning equivocal moral or legitimate circumstance. After exhaustive appraisal of all moral, clinical and lawful issues relating to the quandary, guides present their realities of the circumstance and get conference from proficient experts in the fifth step . This is particularly valuable when advisors are pondering a vague moral issue. As a moral issue can be mentally overpowering and genuinely troubling for both the customer and the advocate, target criticism from different solid sources, for example, partners, administrators or between hierarchical bodies can give a more extensive perspective on the issue or even another emphasis on unconsidered realities. Other than counseling experts who share similar perspectives, it might likewise do the trick to look for skill from diverse substances, as required by the idea of the difficulty. With satisfactory data and direction within reach, the advocate is presently at a situation to plan potential answers for the difficulty (Frame Williams, 2005). Basically, the 6th step is tied in with pondering the conceivable and likely explanations of activities. Clearly, it requires a broad investigation process that would permit advocates to spread out the potential strategies, while simultaneously representing the moral commitments of such activities. As guides survey the conceivable outcomes, it might be basic to include customers in the investigation procedure before settling on the most plausible blueprints. This is to guarantee that choices are made to the wellbeing of the customer. As it was done in before steps, recording these conversations and would be useful for guides to legitimize their activities in case of them being addressed. The seventh step involves the past one as it educates the instructor to identify the results of different choices that were taken subsequent to assessing the potential strategies. This includes thinking about the positive and negative outcomes of every alternative while simultaneously gauging the general essentialness of every choice. Customers inclusion matters during this investigation to guarantee that the choices float towards the wellbeing of the customer. To accomplish this the advocate may utilize the five good standards of self-sufficiency, nonmaleficence, advantage, equity and loyalty as a structure to think about the outcomes of a specific game-plan. In the last advance of the model the advocate settles on what has all the earmarks of being the best game-plan. In the wake of creating the most ideal choices and their results, advocates along with customers and other administrative conference, would be select and actualize the most fitting course of activities. Usage of choices is trailed by surveying the fittingness of the results of those choices. The dynamic procedure arrives at the last stage when the guide considers this evaluations and discusses them with customers. In any case, a follow up might be important to decide whether the activities taken are powerful or in the event that they require a change. To wrap things up, it is fundamental to report steps taken to explain alternatives, encourage thinking and maintain a strategic distance from excess endeavors. All the more critically, having a documentation is noteworthy if proof of these endeavors are later mentioned during an examination. In general this moral dynamic structure fills in as a deliberative and innovative methodology that aides guiding experts to satisfy their moral obligations in the midst of a subtle circumstance. It help bewildered advisors to think however a moral quandary and to show up at a morally proper choice. In addition, the system likewise assists with forestalling moral infringement by empowering advisors to recognize the complexities of moral dynamic as a premise on which able, moral and expert guiding c an be drilled. In spite of its helpful angles, the dynamic model does misses the mark in specific territories. In proof, Corey, Corey and Callanan (1998) show this model can't be applied in a computerized or summed up way, as specialists regularly get themselves confron

Exploring Inferential Statistics and Their Discontents Essay

Investigating Inferential Statistics and Their Discontents - Essay Example fers to a straight model applied in measurable examination; it is utilized in testing speculations, factor in gauges, known amounts and different wellsprings of blunders in factual analyses. Hence, GLM matters since it is utilized in evaluating the connection between various indicator factors and a needy variable. Parametric strategies or measurements allude to those techniques that accept typicality of a populace or utilized after estimation by ordinary dispersion following conjuring CLT (focal breaking point hypothesis). Then again, non-parametric strategies allude to general factual procedures that don't make suspicions about typicality of a populace under examination. What's more, these strategies don't rely upon the populace which is being contemplated. Hence, they can likewise be alluded to as dispersion free strategies. Contrasted with parametric strategies, non-parametric techniques are turning out to be increasingly well known on the grounds that analysts or specialists shouldn't be obliged to make suppositions on the populace under examination. Consequently, to analyze the two strategies, we consider an instance of discovering certainty interim on the mean. The two techniques are required for this kind of issue since parametric strategies are esteemed to be more proficient than non-p arametric techniques. Nonetheless, distinction in effectiveness may not be a major issue however we have to settle on a strategy that is progressively productive relying upon the issue being referred to (Sheskin, 2000). It is critical to focus on suspicions of factual tests since various wrong foundation presumptions will result to erroneous determinations about a populace being examined. Consequently, such suppositions must be made with a great deal of care. For instances of ward variable scores that are not typically appropriated, they can be changed and utilize the option measurable of non-parametric strategies so as to make equivalent loads on the factors. P=0.05 in measurements implies the 5% likelihood of acquiring suitable outcomes from guaranteed

Anthropology Essay #2 - 275 Words

Anthropology #2 (Essay Sample) Content: ANTHROPOLOGYName:Institution: IntroductionAnthropology is an interesting area of study where researchers will study the human beings from the past to the present. Through this anthropology discovers many aspects that are relative to social sciences, biological sciences, natural sciences and humanities. In anthropology there are various exciting aspects that pertain to methodology or history in anthropology. One of these aspects of anthropology is comparison and scrutiny. These are going to be the main focus for this discussion. Comparison and scrutiny are two major aspects that go hand in hand.Aspect of AnthropologyFor an anthropological researcher to get the root information about something in the past, the researcher must get information from his or her predecessors. The information acquired is later compared. This comparison is important so as to get the similarities and differences in text. Scrutiny comes in where it is required of the researcher to determine whic h of the information acquired is biased and which is true (Kottak, 2010).Through scrutiny and comparison shows a different perspective in human beings. The terminology of walking in another mans shoes best describes the situation. The ability of a researcher to fit into the perspective of another human being shows the difference in humanity (Robbins Larkin, 2007). Human beings have different perspectives when it comes to things that pertain to life. This does not mean that every thought or perspective of a human being is correct rather on the contrary.Through the comparisons and scrutiny, culture is seen. Through comparing the different aspects of people from different parts of the ...

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1544 Words

Throughout both novels, the reader sees a motif which is that of corruption. Corruption is dishonest or fraudulent conduct. The Great Gatsby is a book about love, corruption and the American dream. We find this through the eyes of the narrator of the story Nick Carraway, who is the cousin of Daisy and a character within the novel. Daisy is married to Tom, and even though Daisy knows that Tom has affairs behind her back she still stays marries to the man. However Jay Gatsby, whom the book is revolved around, was once a part of Daisy’s life before he had to head off to the war. Never the less Gatsby returned and tries his best in order to regain the love of Daisy. However the novel divides Gatsby and Daisy by the social class of ‘old money’†¦show more content†¦Through the dissection of the corruption within both books, the reader finds that Fitzgerald portrays his ideals in many ways during the time of the ‘roaring 20’s’ and it’s moral and social segregation. Never the less the exploration of symbolism. An example of the corruption within the Great Gatsby is when Nick (narrator of the story) tells us â€Å"Only Gatsby, the man who gives his name to this book, was exempt from my reaction—Gatsby, who represented everything for which I have an unaffected scorn†. Nick is telling us that even once he had left East Egg and the troubles of the West Eggers, the one person whom was exempt from his disgust of being corrupted by their social class was Gatsby. This shows the reader that there is more to Gatsby than that which meets the eye and that even though he had all of the money in the world, the one thing that could possibly corrupt him was Daisy, by their love which is ironic as love stands to be the most ironic answer to someone’s downfall. However if we look at that of Enduring Love where it says A little later we were back in our seats, leaning over the table like dedicated craftsmen at work† the reader gets the feeling that to a certain extent Joe and Clarr issa, are not corrupted due to the fact that when comparing ideas and thoughts they believe themselves to be that of middle class workers showing that they are very similar to that of what Gatsby started off to be, a very humble beginnings and

Dr. Harold Shipman free essay sample

Dr. Harold Shipman was born on January 14, 1946 at Nottingham, United Kingdom. He graduated from Leeds University and began working at Pontefract General Infirmary in 1970. But in 1998, Shipman was arrested for the death of Kathleen Grundy and a year later, it was found out that he had killed 15 elderly patients. He was given a life sentence in prison for the murders of these victims. But the horror did not end there. Because in July 2002, further investigations on his case showed that Shipman killed 215 patients. And of this number, 171 were women and 44 were men, with the oldest being a 93-year-old woman and the youngest a 47-year-old man. From then on, Shipman was tagged as â€Å"Dr. Death†. But on January 2004, Shipman was found dead in his prison cell after hanging himself with his bed sheets. There have been several similar cases about professionals abusing their power and taking their responsibilities for granted. And most of the time, it is the unknowing ordinary people who ends up as victims. We will write a custom essay sample on Dr. Harold Shipman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And during such events, the public does not know who to blame for the death of several people. In this case, the relatives of Shipman’s victims are left without peace of mind. Basically because despite the large number of murders charged on Shipman, the killer doctor did not admit that he did all the killings up to his death. The story of Shipman and the huge number of patients he killed prove that there are several sides that should have been held responsible for the crimes. First of course, is Shipman, because he abused his powers to a very high extent. And this practice can be connected to several professionals who do not know the limit of their authority. Some doctors, like Shipman, are overwhelmed by the fact that they have the power to save life and induce death to other people. And this habit is the most vital role that every professional should learn how to control. Secondly, the relatives of the victims should somehow, be responsible for the death of their loved ones as well. They should have been observant about how Shipman treats his patients and asked how his patients ended up when brought to his clinic. If they were able to find out that a series of death has been happening in that place, they could have searched for other hospital that could aid their dying relatives. Lastly, this story shows that there is a lot to blame the government and the police officials. First and foremost, why were they not able to detect that a series of serial killing was happening in Hyde, Greater Manchester? Why did it take them 20 years to see that such dreadful medical malpractice was killing several people? In addition, when Shipman was proven to be addicted to the painkiller pethidine even when he was still in Todmorden, Lancashire, he should have been prevented from creating his own clinic where all these killings happened. It is impossible that he did not request necessary permits for his clinic. During this time, he could have been prevented if the authorities were vigilant enough to check his background and his sanity before they allowed him to build such. If only the authorities were able to check his history as a doctor, Shipman would have been thwarted from doing such crimes. And if the authorities were watchful about the series of deaths in Shipman’s clinic, such abuse of powers and neglect of responsibilities would have not happened. In the end, all people involved in this issue should not spare themselves from blame and guilt because the status of the society dictates that everybody should be accountable to each other. If you have seen that something wrong is happening to your community, then you should report it to proper authorities. The authorities, as what they ought to do, should serve and protect the people in order to avoid same cases from happening again.

Epithelial Tissue Observations Essay Example

Epithelial Tissue Observations Essay Data Table 1 – Epithelial Tissue Observations TISSUE TYPE OBSERVATIONS Simple Squamoussingle layer, flattened cells Simple Cuboidalsingle layered, cube shaped cells Simple Columnar (stomach)single layered, elongated cells Simple Columnar (duodenum)long columns in â€Å"S† shapes Stratified Squamous (keratinized)many layers, top cells flattened Stratified Squamous (non-keratinized)flat long strands with nucleus Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnarcells together in a column structure, single layer, elongated cells Transitionalmany layers of cube shaped and elongated cells We will write a custom essay sample on Epithelial Tissue Observations specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Epithelial Tissue Observations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Epithelial Tissue Observations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Stratified Cuboidal (online)2-3 layers, cube shaped cells Stratified Columnar (online)top layer of elongated cells, lower layers of cubed shaped cells Questions A. Why is the study of histology important in the overall understanding of anatomy and physiology?Histology allows us to examine the structure and composition of all our tissues B. How are epithelial tissues named? They are categorized by the size and shapes of their cells C. Why are some epithelial tissues stratified? It’s because the stratified epithelial tissue is multilayered, as opposed to the monolayered simple epithelial tissue. D. Unlike squamous cells, cuboidal and columnar cells have large, open cytoplasm. Which functions of epithelial tissue are supported by having such big cells? The large round cells allow it to slide or move past each other. It also allows the tissue to stretch . Questions A. What is the primary function of connective tissue? It connects the epithelium to the rest of the body. It also provides structure (bone), stores energy (fat), and transports material (blood). B. What can the shape of the cells in a particular type of tissue tell about the function of that tissue? Epithelial tissue comes in different shapes and sizes, for example there is ciliated epithelial tissue, which has cilia that helps it move objects around. This kind of tissue can be found in the respiratory tract, where it sweeps to clean dust and germs trapped in mucus. Other epithelial tissues such as stratified squamous epithelial tissue is found in areas prone to abrasion because its structure is irregular and can prevent cuts and scrapes. C. What is matrix? Why do some tissues have more matrix than others? Matrix is the extracellular fibers and ground substance of a connective tissue. Some tissues have more matrix because the cells fibers are not as tightly packed. D. What do collagen fibers provide? Collagen is strong and flexible and resists force in one direction. It is stronger than steel when pulled. Ligaments and tendons are collagen fibers. E. Tendons, ligaments and cartilage have limited blood supply. Explain how this might affect the ability of these tissues to heal after an injury. If there is limited blood supply it means the nutrients and supplies to heal an injury in this area are not that readily available. 5. Repeat the above steps 2 through 4 for the smooth and cardiac muscle slides. Questions A. What kind of muscle would you find in your stomach? Smooth muscle tissue B. How is smooth muscle structure different from that of skeletal and cardiac muscle? Smooth muscle can contract on their own. Smooth muscle tissue has no striations. C. Why do we say that skeletal muscle is voluntary? Skeletal fiber muscle do not contract unless stimulated by nerves and the nervous system provides voluntary control over their activities. D. What  is unique about cardiac muscle? These muscles are involuntary striated muscle which are only found in the wall of the heart. This is specialized muscle that can contract, cardiac muscle, like other muscles, can contract, but it can also carry an action potential (i.e. conduct electricity) like the neurons that constitute nerves. Furthermore, some of the cells have the ability to generate an action potential, known as cardiac muscle automaticity. Questions A. What is the function of nervous tissue? Nervous tissue conducts electrical impulses. It also rapidly sense internal and external environment . they process information and control responses. B. Why are the cell bodies of neurons elongated into cell processes? Neurons are elongated because they need to transfer a signal from the periphery to the center. C. If all nerves respond to stimuli why cant your eyes hear sound and your ears see light? All that any nerve can do when simulated if fire off electrical impulses. It’s how the brain interprets the impulses that cause us to perceive light or sound. D. How is a nerve different from a neuron? Neurons are specialized for intercellular communication through changes in membrane potential and synaptic connections. Nerves refer to a structure made up of many neurons. Conclusions Explain the purpose of these exercises and why studying histology is important to your understanding of how the human body functions. The purpose of the exercise and studying histology is important to know because it gives us a better understanding of the branch of anatomy concerned with the study of the microscopic structures in our bodies.

Commonly Confused Word Pairs in English

Commonly Confused Word Pairs in English Here, from our Glossary of Commonly Confused Words, are 20 tricky word pairs that look and sound alike but have different meanings. (For examples and practice exercises, click on the highlighted words.) Advice and AdviseThe noun advice means guidance. The verb advise means to recommend or counsel.All Together and AltogetherThe phrase all together refers to people or things gathered in one place. The adverb altogether means entirely or wholly.Baited and BatedA hook, witness, or animal is baited (lured, enticed, tempted). Breath is bated (moderated).Cite and SiteThe verb cite means to mention or quote as an authority or example. The noun site means a particular place.Complement and ComplimentComplement means something that completes or brings to perfection. A compliment is an expression of praise.Discreet and DiscreteThe adjective discreet means tactful or prudent self-restraint. Discrete means distinct or separate.Eminent and ImminentThe adjective eminent means prominent or outstanding. Imminent means impending, about to occur.Flair and FlareThe noun flair means a talent or a distinctive quality or style. As a noun, flare means a fire or a blazing light. Similarly, the verb flare mea ns to burn with an unsteady flame or shine with a sudden light. Violence, troubles, tempers, and nostrils can flare. Formally and FormerlyThe adverb formally means in a formal way. The adverb formerly means at an earlier time.Hardy and HeartyThe adjective hardy (related to hard) means daring, courageous, and capable of surviving difficult conditions. The adjective hearty (related to heart) means showing warm and heartfelt affection or providing abundant nourishment.Ingenious and IngenuousThe adjective ingenious means extremely clevermarked by inventive skill and imagination. Ingenuous means straightforward, candid, without guile.Lightening and LightningThe noun lightening means making lighter in weight or changing to a lighter or brighter color. Lightning is the flash of light that accompanies thunder.Mantel and MantleThe noun mantel refers to a shelf above a fireplace. The noun mantle refers to a cloak or (usually figuratively) to royal robes of state as a symbol of authority or responsibility.Moot and MuteThe adjective moot refers to something that is debatable or of no practical importance. The adjective mute means unspoken or unable to speak. Prescribe and ProscribeThe verb prescribe means to establish, direct, or lay down as a rule. The verb proscribe means to ban, forbid, or condemn.Rational and RationaleThe adjective rational means having or exercising the ability to reason. The noun rationale refers to an explanation or basic reason.Shear and SheerThe verb shear means to cut or clip. Likewise, the noun shear refers to the act, process, or fact of cutting or clipping. The adjective sheer means fine, transparent, or complete. As an adverb, sheer means completely or altogether.Stationary and StationeryThe adjective stationary means remaining in one place. The noun stationery refers to writing materials. (Try associating the er in stationery with the er in letter and paper.)Track and TractAs a noun, track refers to a path, route, or course. The verb track means to travel, pursue, or follow. The noun tract refers to an expanse of land or water, a system of organs and tissues in the body, or a pamphlet containing a declarat ion or appeal. Whose and WhosWhose is the possessive form of who. Whos is the contraction of who is.

Human Resource Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resource Questions - Essay Example hor further asserts that communication also allows human resources to channel the problems that may be facing in their work environments (Smith, 2013). Minus proper communication frameworks, employers rarely understand what human resources require to feel comfortable in their working environments. At this point, labor unions provide a solution that may seem the best alternative to the human resources. Another significant strategy is providing human resources that are considerate to their need in the working environment. Fredericks (2014) is of the assumption that upon employment the perception of the employee on their organization is developed. For this reason, the terms of the employment contract may influence their decision to whether or not join a labor union. For instance, working hours stated in the contract should be reasonable. In an instance where an employee would be required to work for long hours, the compensation should be worth the requirements (Lim, 2012). With proper consideration of employee needs in creating employment contracts on matters such as payment, incentives, working hours and conditions minimize the probability of the human resources to later join labor unions (Lim, 2012). Negotiations between labor parties may be undertaken from different resolution alternatives. Employees may decide to strike to increase the willingness of the employer to address their needs (Maas, 2010). On the other hand, the employer may develop a more peaceful and non-weapon negotiation frameworks. For instance, mediation between conflicting parties and the use of arbitration to solve the problem (Maas, 2010). The mediation process involves creation of a proper communication framework between conflicting sides. Through proper communication a common ground between the conflicting parties may be found (Rahim, 2015). The process may be done by representatives from both parties. However, the process may have disadvantages. Firstly, the superior nature of one party

Manager should be considered a stakeholder Essay

Manager should be considered a stakeholder - Essay Example Thus, in 1984 Freeman offered a stakeholder theory, claiming that an organization can maximize its value only through common benefits of all the relevant persons and groups. Not only stockholders should complete control over a firm, while investors, employees and suppliers also take part and risks in creation of the business’s success. Stakeholder theory is based on doctrine of Fair Contracts, Feminist Standpoint Theory, and ecological principles. R. Edward Freeman shares his observations concerning business ethics, pointing out to the facts that: â€Å"organizations without a history of mutually accepted shared values tend to come apart during stress†, while â€Å"people in touch with core values can deal with change, ambiguity, stress, and tough times†. He also suggests that â€Å"people tend to avoid the ambiguous yet that is what tends to be the most rewarding† and that â€Å"individuals need organizational support to act morally† (Freeman 1984) . Freeman, Wicks, Parmar (2004) state that capitalism should be understood as â€Å"creating value for stakeholders† (p.366). At that â€Å"the goal of creating value for stakeholders is decidedly pro-shareholders†, while a manager creates shareholder value through creating qualitative products and services for customers, offering excellent jobs for employees, building favorable relationships with suppliers and competitors, and being a good citizen in the community. Finally, under such conditions an organization is not likely to have problems with governments. Creating stakeholder value managers are able to assume potential entrepreneurial risks. First of all, considering all the possible interests and stakeholders you avoid potential conflicts. Further, it is possible to cooperate with suppliers and customers to jointly test new products and services. Working in the name of increased profitability for the shareholders

Secret Intelligence Service and National Security Essay Example for Free

Secret Intelligence Service and National Security Essay The revolution in military affairs has given rise to powerful strategic tools such as effects based operations (EBO), mirrored by the concept of intelligence-led policing in law enforcement. Some advocates of intelligence change argue that the role of intelligence be expanded to provide the analytical power-house for ‘whole of government’ decision-making in relation not just to traditional threats, but also to this new range of threats—a kind of EBO for the whole of government. This article argues for a more limited view of intelligence and its role—one that recognises the inherently human, and hence secretive, quality of intelligence as a means for dealing with human-generated competition. A nation’s intelligence apparatus is only one small part of the wider machinery for delivering policy and executive action. Traditionally, the role of intelligence within this wider structure was to counter threat from some kind of human collective opposition—whether a country, a crime group or a terrorist organisation. Intelligence was regarded as a highly specific undertaking to give advantage over that threat in the form of knowledge, insight and predictive capacity. According to this model, advantage was sought over a human threat capable of learning and adapting. Intelligence therefore needed to be secret to deliver an advantage. To protect the ‘intelligence advantage’, countries also developed counter-intelligence organizations such as the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) and MI5 and encoding and decoding organizations such as the US National Security Agency and the Australian Defence Signals Directorate. Today there is broad consensus that the threats we confront have expanded beyond the typical military or counter-intelligence threats of the past, especially those of the Cold War. This expanded range of threat falls into a major category and two sub-categories. The major category can be termed ‘non-conventional’ threats, ones that do not fall into the state-on-state category. They include environmental threats, threats of pandemic disease, terrorism and transnational crime. Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) 55 Security Challenges This broad category of non-conventional threat can be further divided between those threats of a human agency (terrorism, crime, people smuggling and trafficking) and those of a non-human agency (climate change and other types of environmental threat, natural disasters, pandemic disease). These two sub-categories are, however, closely linked, as demonstrated by Thomas Homer-Dixon and others. 1 They are linked in two ways. First, they are linked in the sense that so-called non-human agency threats such as climate change can give rise to instability. Instability can in turn give rise to many of the human generated conventional and non-conventional threats mentioned above. Second, threats like climate change are also linked with human agency in that they are often caused by human intervention. Changes in human behaviour are therefore necessary to remedy such threats. Even though these two sub-categories of threat are linked, they give rise to very different implications for the role of intelligence. On the one hand, the role of intelligence in countering human-related, nonconventional threat is relatively clear-cut and traditional. It includes counterterrorism, police intelligence, customs intelligence, coast watch intelligence and so on. All of these intelligence activities are characterised by the fact that they involve secret information that would be compromised if it were to leak out, and through its compromise would give the opposition (or threat) an intelligence advantage, or sacrifice the advantage enjoyed by the state. On the other hand, the non-conventional threats such as climate change, natural disasters or pandemic disease, entail no such secret, tightly held intelligence response. On the contrary, to counter such threats, especially in a liberal democracy like Australia, governments need to engage in a public dialogue with experts on the threat, whether those experts are scientists, journalists, medical or other experts operating in the public domain. This dialogue has to be public because the public needs to be taken along with the broad strategic changes required to deal with this type of threat. It also needs to be public and transparent because the scientific method is evidence based and depends on the capacity for peer review. Moreover, it is often difficult to achieve major changes in attitude to such threats in liberal democracies unless there is some kind of ‘tipping point’, either in terms of the concrete effects of the threat (catastrophic drought, for example, in the case of climate change) or public consensus on the science, or both. The concept of threat needs to be actualised right through the 1 Thomas Homer-Dixon and Jessica Blitt (eds), Ecoviolence: Links Among Environment, Population and Security, Lanham, MD, Bowman and Littlefield, 1998, ‘Introduction: A Theoretical Overview’. 56 Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) Security Challenges community before radical behavioural change can occur. This is because the political system of liberal democracies is usually geared to the short-term advantage of governments according to the political cycle rather than the long-term advantage of the nation. In order to move beyond populist politics, the whole community needs to be aware of the circumstances and prepared to make sacrifices to deal with the threat. Indeed, it is well known by intelligence specialists that long-term assessments, while they may eventually prove accurate, are almost never acted upon by policy. For example, nearly twenty-five years ago a leading Australian intelligence assessment agency employed a scientist—the only person in the organization working on scientific issues at that time. The scientist predicted that overpopulation, scarcity of water and climate change would result in vast changes for the worse in the Middle East, South East Asia and South Asia, forcing major, economically induced out-migration. Such events, he assessed, would eventually challenge Australia’s security. Today such an assessment would be commonplace. But at the time, no action was taken. Although the mandate of the organization was to predict long-term change, the political system was not equipped to deal with uncertain judgements about what was then considered the ‘deep future’. Nor could a secret intelligence report enable governments to deal with such predictions through debate in the public domain. Further, since threats like climate change constitute threats to the ‘global commons’, by definition they can only be addressed by global cooperation rather than competition. A ‘beggar your neighbour’ approach will only lead the globe deeper into trouble. The implications for intelligence are significant. In terms of threats like climate change, pandemic disease and catastrophic economic change, intelligence ceases to concern itself with achieving an advantage over an enemy or competitor. So the question therefore arises: are secret intelligence agencies appropriate organizations to advise on such threats? Despite the intrinsic problems associated with the use of intelligence to analyse threats of this nature, increasingly, intelligence agencies are being coopted to advise on them. For example, we learn from the Sydney Morning Herald of 10 April 2007 that the Office of National Assessments (ONA) has been commissioned by the government to determine the security implications of climate change. We further learn from the ABC news on 23 May 2006, which describes the ONA Director General being quizzed by the Senate Estimates Committee, that ONA has received multiple taskings of this nature. But the public are prevented from accessing the outcome on the grounds that the ONA is an intelligence organization operating in the secret realm. Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) 57 Security Challenges True, the ONA is being asked to look at the security implications. But to do so, it would need to make a sound assessment of the nature and extent of climate change. No doubt the ONA now has a few scientifically trained people working on this and similar issues. But no doubt also, it will be locked in earnest consultation with the Commonwealth Science and Research Organisation (CSIRO), the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARE) and similar agencies and institutions. And it will also be carefully perusing the reports of the International Panel on Climate Change. In other words, ONA is not, in itself, able to report on this issue. Its role is, rather, to organize, validate and valorize all the noise out in the public domain concerning the issue. The same evidently applies in the US. According to Anne Harrington, Director of the Committee of International Security in the National Academy of Science in Washington, If you get the intelligence community to apply some of its analytical capabilities to this issue [climate change], it could be compelling to whoever 2 is sitting in the White House. But why should the Central Intelligence Agency suddenly have authority on this issue when the world’s leading scientific specialists, who have spent lifetimes working on the issue, have been studiously ignored—and some even silenced—by the White House for the past seven years? All this leads us to ask what, exactly, should be the role of intelligence in the so-called ‘new security environment’? And how should intelligence fit in with other government structures to provide an analytical capacity in these areas? Intelligence and Its Purposes The narrower view of intelligence agencies suggested above—that is, organizations that deal fundamentally with human competition and therefore by nature exist in the secret domain—has not so far been widely accepted. The advent of non-conventional threat has generated considerable discussion in the ranks of those advocating intelligence reform. Various commentators have called for a broadening of the informational base of the traditionally tightly held intelligence agencies and a more ‘whole-ofgovernment’ approach. However, very little of this discussion has drawn the distinction between human-induced and non-human induced threat in relation to the role of intelligence. Nor has it distinguished between longterm threat to society and the ‘global commons’ caused by environmental issues and short-term threat generated by problems such as transnational crime and terrorism. 2 Tom Allard, Mark Forbes and agencies, ‘US braces for global warring’, Sydney Morning Herald, 10 April 2007. 58 Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) Security Challenges That is not to say that reform is not necessary, but rather that we need to be very clear what role intelligence should play in dealing with such threats and also where it should fit in to the wider ‘machinery of government’. Nor is it to claim that intelligence has no role at all in these matters: one very important role is to assess the security implications of issues like climate change, in order to prepare the state to meet those potential threats. Such a position does not imply, moreover, that some broader reform of the machinery of government would not be advantageous. But in deciding on the nature of that reform, we need to ensure that the tail of intelligence reform does not wag the dog of machinery of government reform. Nor is it to say that a discussion of intelligence reform should be considered in isolation from a discussion of wider issues to do with the machinery of government. Intelligence obviously has to be fitted in with the machinery of government, and how it fits in is important. Rogers correctly argues that the â€Å"practice of strategic intelligence is at its best when it is in counterpoise with strategic thinking [on the part of decision-makers and policy makers]†. 3 It follows that correct structure in the machinery of government should facilitate the connectivity between intelligence and policy on the one hand, and the consequent practice of strategic thinking in policy development on the other. But the problem here is that those involved with structuring intelligence do not necessarily have a say in the structuring of the machinery of government. And in any case, in a liberal democratic, federal structure such as Australia’s, a considerable proportion of government process is dictated by relatively immutable conventions and constitutions. We should also note that this issue of where intelligence sits in organisational structures is relevant both within a particular organization that uses intelligence, and also within the wider structures of state as supported by intelligence. In one case intelligence is embedded within the agency, in the other, it is embedded within the machinery of government. These two types and uses of intelligence may require very different structural approaches. In the case of the latter (intelligence agencies embedded in the machinery of government) it is the role of intelligence agencies to draw intelligence up and enable it effectively to be used in national policy-making. The structures used to ‘draw intelligence up’ are entirely proper considerations of a paper such as this on intelligence. This issue of the drawing up of intelligence covers the question of how a peak agency such as the ONA can best garner the wide range of intelligence that is required in today’s expanded threat environment. This expanded 3 Kevin Rogers ‘Developments in Australian Strategic Criminal Intelligence’ in Ratcliffe (ed) Strategic Thinking in Criminal Intelligence (Sydney: The Federation Press, 2004), p23. Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) 59 Security Challenges environment requires that the entire range of agencies producing intelligence be included—agencies such as the Australian Federal Police (AFP), Customs, Immigration, Coastwatch, Quarantine and the Australian Crime Commission (ACC). Structures to support this expanded role were discussed in an earlier paper by this author. But (alluding to the issues raised above), the expanded role for intelligence does not—or rather should not—include agencies such as the CSIRO, ABARE, the Productivity Commission, Geosciences Australia, the Department of Health, and so on. Unfortunately, this distinction is not always recognised or agreed in discussions about intelligence reform. For example, some have begun to questio n whether concepts like effects based operations (EBO), which in turn have been spawned by the new intelligence environment and new technologies, cannot be applied in a ‘whole-of-government’ way. According to this view, the three-way relationship between intelligence, policy and operations could be seen to apply across the spectrum of government decision-making, thus incorporating all departments of state and agencies in an endeavour to achieve a strategic outcome. Although such a project would be ambitious, ‘whole-of-government’ possibly can and should be made to function in a strategic sense. But it should be recognised that intelligence is not central to the process in the same way as it is central to EBO in a military setting or to intelligence-led policing in law enforcement. Indeed, in the author’s view, intelligence is a highly specific function to do with human competition and human enemies. It is not only inappropriate for wider use, but such use could be positively harmful in terms of the needed outcomes in government decision making in a democratic setting. Certainly, good strategic intelligence should be suggestive of courses of action, but only suggestive in the sense that the knowledge brought forward is suggestive. Intelligence can also comment on implications of actions when specifically asked to do so, but should not go the extra step of recommending options. It is not the role of intelligence to present analytical options to decision-makers in the same way as that is the role of a department of state or ministerial staff. The temptation to use intelligence agencies to support a strategic, ‘whole-ofgovernment’ approach is quite strong, however. Traditionally, intelligence agencies have been very close to the seat of power. Indeed, they were born Sandy Gordon, ‘Re-Shaping Australian Intelligence’, Security Challenges, vol. 1, no. 1 (November 2005), pp. 27-58. Brice Pacey, ‘National Effects-Based Approach: A Policy Discussion Paper’, Working Paper, no. 381, Canberra, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, 2003, passim. Pacey is not, however, arguing for a central role for intelligence in this enterprise. . 4 60 Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) Security Challenges of a one-to-one relationship, in which the intelligence chief sat at the leader’s right hand. This was both to provide immediacy and preserve secrecy. The idea of a separation between intelligence and policy is a relatively recent one. The only separation that was once required was that between master and servant. The temptation to use intelligence agencies as analytical determinants of policy is even stronger in situations where there is no real alternative to the analytical powerhouses that some intelligence agencies can bring to bear. Moreover, governments that use intelligence agencies to consider politically sensitive issues like climate change have the added advantage of keeping such consideration outside the public domain and the scrutiny of oppositions. This is because once a matter is within the purview of intelligence, governments can claim they can ‘neither confirm or deny’ questions in respect of them. But as argued above, this is essentially a misuse of intelligence. Intelligence in National Strategic Decision-Making At the moment in Australia, national intelligence exists within a relatively tight framework of the Australian Intelligence Community (AIC), oversighted by a small and powerful group of departments and ministers, particularly Prime Minister and Cabinet (PMC), Defence, Foreign Affairs and AttorneyGeneral’s Department. This tight structure is reinforced by the restricted membership of the National Security Committee of Cabinet (NSCC) and the Secretaries’ Committee on National Security (SCONS), which proffers advice to the NSCC. It is a structure that in its essence was bequeathed by the Cold War, with minor modifications as a result of the Flood Report and other developments. As such, it was designed to deal with state-on-state threat and the threat of spying and political violence rather than the broader range of threats we now confront. Such a tight structure has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are that the intelligence agencies of the AIC are well plugged in to the Canberra policy environment and have a nuanced appreciation of what the government wants to know. Equally, this tight structure allows for rapid, consensus decision-making when needed. Further, the agencies of the AIC, particularly the ONA, represent a collection of individuals capable of high-level strategic thinking. The disadvantages of such a tight system are well known. The 9/11 Commission and Butler report chronicled the distortion of the intelligence process to serve particular policy needs, or at least perceived needs. Given the tight inter-relationship between the government, key departments and intelligence agencies in Australia, such distortions are also possible here. Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) 61 Security Challenges The Butler committee report also emphasised the dangers of a filtration system such as the UK Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) standing between the judgements of experts and policy-making bodies. Some of the worst errors evident in the so-called ‘Dirty Dossier’ arose because the expertise in the Defence Intelligence Staff was filtered out or distorted, either as a result of a classic ‘broken telephone’ situation or through pre-judging the policy bias on the part of the JIC. In Australia, the system would be equally vulnerable should the findings of organizations like ABARE and the CSIRO be filtered through a small, nonexpert (in the disciplines involved) organization like the ONA. How suitable is the present Australian structure in light of the changes to the regional, global and technological environments? Before considering this important issue, let us consider the needs of a system designed effectively to operate in the new environment. x As discussed above, such a system would need to delineate a specific role for intelligence, one that relates to human-on-human competition, and that in turn necessitates a secret approach to intelligence. Such a system would also need to be capable of melding the intelligence product with product from other agencies working on issues that do not require secret intelligence and with other open sources. It would need to be flexible. That is, it would need the capacity to draw to a greater or lesser degree on a ‘whole-of-government’ approach for supporting information and judgment, depending on the urgency and nature of the threat and degree of secrecy needed. In other words, it would need to have the administrative means to ‘slide up and down the scale’ between a narrow, decision-making capacity at the top and a broad consensus model below, one that included information and analysis from a range of agencies, not only intelligence agencies but also economic and scientific agencies. In some instances, it would need to shape decisions for the longerterm. Yet it would also need to be capable of making adjustments in light of the evolving evidence. Such decisions would need to be maintained well outside the life span of a typical Australian Government. At times it would need to draw in two, or perhaps even three, levels of government, as already evident in the case of terrorism and pandemic threats such as SARS and ‘Bird Flu’. It would need to be well connected internationally in order to draw on available information and assessment. x x x x 62 Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) Security Challenges x Above all, it would need a powerful apex analytical and organisational capacity containing a range of expertise in order to bring together diverse lines of information, identify real problems, set priorities between them and devise viable strategies to deal with those priorities. This role should not be undertaken by existing intelligence agencies, because their role should be confined to the analysis and dissemination of intelligence. To use them in the dual role of policy advice and intelligence analysis and dissemination would be unduly to compromise the intelligence role. How well does the present system meet the needs outlined above? In some respects, quite well. It basically consists of a tight core capable of being expanded to meet a broadening of threat, with the NSCC providing a sort of ‘inner cabinet’, surrounded by a tight supportive framework consisting of key departments, SCONS and the AIC. It is a highly functional arrangement for an environment requiring a high degree of secrecy and relatively rapid decision-making. Where the nature of threat broadens, for example in the case of climate change, the current system is capable of rapid expansion. Members of Cabinet, such as the environment minister, can be brought into the NSCC where necessary. The AFP Commissioner, CEO of Customs and others can also be inducted into the SCONS when necessary. Within PMC, the National Security Division (established in 2003) provides a potential analytical unit that is not confined to intelligence, but that can range over the available government and non-government agencies, given its location on the ‘commanding heights’ of PMC. The present system falls down in a number of respects, however. It is deficient in that certain information deemed intelligence in the narrower sense outlined above is still not fully drawn into the AIC information network and database (AICNET). Nor are the organizations generating this intelligence (such as the AFP, Customs and the ACC) included in the tight deliberative network at the apex of government decision-making, at least not on a day-today basis. These exclusions cause a deficit in knowledge and a nalysis of non-conventional, but human-induced, threat. This deficit was discussed in greater detail in an earlier paper. 6 6 Gordon, op cit. At the time of final preparation of this paper, the government has announced a new system of combining the databases of Customs, Immigration and ASIO. One might well ask why this is only being done now, six years after the events of 9/11? Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) 63 Security Challenges x It is not capable of adopting strategic thinking across all levels of government in the federal structure—the so-called ‘EBO of governance’. Because of the requirements of the liberal democratic federal structure, however, this problem may not be amenable to an entirely satisfactory solution. Even given the restraints imposed by our political system, there is inadequate capacity at the top to analyse, identify and give priority order to threat. Although the National Security Division of PMC seems to be set up to undertake this role, according to Pacey, the division is still limited by coordination roles and the need to deal with immediate crises rather than provide long-term analysis. 7 In counter-terrorism, for example, the role of PMC is to provide a multi-government and multi-disciplinary platform. One suspects that this demanding role diminishes its capacity to deliver long-term policy advice. In the absence of an appropriate analytical unit outside the confines of intelligence, there currently seems to be a growing de facto move to recruit the ONA for this top-level analytical role, as discussed above. But, as also argued above, the ‘heavy lifting’ on matters like climate change should not be conducted by a secret intelligence organization at all, but through transparent, evidence-based techniques that are well tried and understood in scientific organizations. Moreover, to place an organization like the ONA at the apex of the policy advice structure is, at least in a de facto sense, to bring it directly into the policy-making apparatus—hitherto considered anathema for an intelligence organization. x x Therefore, if we accept the more limited role for intelligence advocated in this paper, we are left with a potential deficit in terms of an apex analytical unit— the intellectual powerhouse of ‘EBO of governance’. The main candidate for fulfilling such a role seems to be the National Security Division of PMC. And in fact, more and more of the capacity relating to security in areas requiring a multi-disciplinary approach is now located in PMC. This includes terrorism, energy security, pandemic disease, nuclear energy and intelligence. Conclusion and Issues for the Next Government In light of the profound changes in the security environment we have witnessed in recent years, those responsible for shaping the way governments will deal with long-term structural change confront a choice. 7 Pacey, op. cit. , p. 5. 64 Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) Security Challenges On the one hand, they can advocate an expansion of the role of intelligence to cover the broader nature of the threat we now confront. In a de facto sense, the current arrangement seems to be drifting toward this kind of arrangement. On the other, they can continue to regard intelligence as an essentially secret function designed to give advantage and deny advantage in terms of human competition, whether of the state-on-state variety or threats from criminal and terrorist groups. In this paper we have argued the latter position. We have done so because of concerns about the nature of intelligence and how it differs from policy analysis, the nature of scientific inquiry and the democratic need for debate and consensus. We have further argued that, while it may be possible to achieve something close to a strategic process on a ‘whole-of-government’ basis, such a process cannot be driven by intelligence; and nor is it correctly placed within a discussion of intelligence and its role. We are of the view that additional analytical capacity required to support ‘EBO of governance’ should exist in the form of an expanded staff specifically advising the NSCC. While the National Security Division of PMC would seem to be the logical candidate for such a role, several changes would be needed to provide the kind of analytical capacity described above. Ideally, a unit of this nature should be administratively removed from the day-to-day, short-term contingencies and coordination functions normally undertaken by a division of PMC. That is not to say that the unit should be entirely administratively removed from PMC. But it might be a statutory body linked in a similar way to the ONA. Or it might be more directly associated with the Cabinet Division. Further, the unit would require an expanded ability to provide advice on a ‘holistic’ basis, with a range of expertise covering scientific, health, intelligence, economic and defence issues. Already the germ of such a capability is contained within National Security Division. The existence of such a support unit would act as a buffer between the Cabinet and intelligence agencies and ensure that the latter continue to function as providers of intelligence rather than strategic advice. It would provide the capacity to meld factual and analytical work from both the intelligence agencies and those agencies outside the AIC, such as the various government scientific and economic agencies and non-government agencies. Its interface with such agencies would be far easier than between intelligence and outside agencies, given the role of intelligence in protecting information from human competition. Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) 65 Security Challenges In light of this position, the following issues emerge for the next government: x Australia’s national intelligence database should be expanded more fully to incorporate information and intelligence from agencies outside the AIC, such as the AFP, Customs, Coastwatch and the ACC. Details of how this might be accomplished are set out in an earlier paper by this author. 8 Leaving aside the security aspects of issues like climate change, pandemic disease and radical economic change, government should recognise that such issues in themselves are not conducive to analysis and advice from intelligence agencies. Rather, a ‘whole of government’ analytical and strategic capacity should be incorporated into the advice mechanisms serving the NSCC. This unit should incorporate the work of intelligence agencies, but also range far more broadly across government and non-government agencies. It should posses a ‘holistic’ capability— that is, it should include scientific, health and economic professionals as well as national security experts. It should not be constrained by the day-to-day needs of servicing a busy department like PMC. x Sandy Gordon joined the Australian Public Service in 1977, subsequently working in the Office of National Assessments, AusAID and as Executive Director of the Asian Studies Council and Australian Literacy Council. In 1990 he became a Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, where he worked on South Asia and the Indian Ocean. In 1997 he was appointed head of intelligence in the AFP, a position he held until 2000. He then became Co-Chair of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Transnational Crime Working Group and a member of the National Expert Advisory Committee on Illicit Drugs. Between 2003 and 2005, he lectured on terrorism and transnational crime at the Australian Defence Force Academy, University of New South Wales. He is currently Associate Professor, Centre for Transnational Crime Prevention, University of Wollongong. [emailprotected] com. au. 8 Gordon, op. cit. 66 Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007)

Reports of Gods Death Are a Bit Premature Essays -- Philosophy essays

The Reports of God's Death Are a Bit Premature      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Arguing the death of God is a debate that will last until eternity. Regardless of exploration or religious zeal there are far too many human viewpoints leaning towards the idea of and the strong need for faith. Believing in God for some is as natural as walking upright and it would seem that through such unquestionable faith God would somehow still be alive. But perhaps He is only surviving with the help of life support.    For example, it would be difficult to tell a passionate Fundamentalist Christian that God was not alive in his or her heart. Therefore, Nietzche's claim of God's demise would fall on deaf ears, for he or she would, in a sense, be keeping God alive with their faith. However, for the sake of Nietzche's favorite subject and perspectivists everywhere, suppose God has in fact died. According to the "madman" we are all responsible (Kaufman 126), but how did it happen and what do we do to solve the problem? Even more curious, is it a problem? So there they are, like some sort of bad movie, standing around with a body lying on the floor. It is nighttime and the classic storm is occurring outside complete with pouring rain, thunder and lightning. Those present stare at the figure in disbelief. Some, however, are not surprised. Others shake their heads at the inevitability of it all. A few cry, but what is on all of their minds is this: who is it?! His death has left him slightly disfigured, n ot in a morbid sense, but just enough to make him hard to identify, not only for who he is, but what place he held in all of their lives. There is no question that he once held a position of great power and esteem, and that he once had a profound effect on generatio... ... the first time ever, we as humans hold God's fate in the balance. Perhaps this is not only Nietzche'sperspective, perhaps this is truth. We are all, in fact, responsible for His survival. But like Mark Twain's famous quote about himself, the reports of God's death are a bit premature.    Works Cited Kaufman, Gordon D., God the Problem Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973. Nietzxche, Friedrich. The Gay Science: With a Prelude in Rhymes and an Appendix of Songs New York: Vintage Books, 1974. Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future New York: Vintage Books, 1989. Soloman, Robert C. and Kathleen M. Higgens. Reading Nietzsche . New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. Spinoza, Baruch. The Collected Works of Spinoza   Edited and translated by Edwin Curley. Vol. 1, The Ethics   Princeton: The Princeton University Press, 1985. Reports of God's Death Are a Bit Premature Essays -- Philosophy essays The Reports of God's Death Are a Bit Premature      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Arguing the death of God is a debate that will last until eternity. Regardless of exploration or religious zeal there are far too many human viewpoints leaning towards the idea of and the strong need for faith. Believing in God for some is as natural as walking upright and it would seem that through such unquestionable faith God would somehow still be alive. But perhaps He is only surviving with the help of life support.    For example, it would be difficult to tell a passionate Fundamentalist Christian that God was not alive in his or her heart. Therefore, Nietzche's claim of God's demise would fall on deaf ears, for he or she would, in a sense, be keeping God alive with their faith. However, for the sake of Nietzche's favorite subject and perspectivists everywhere, suppose God has in fact died. According to the "madman" we are all responsible (Kaufman 126), but how did it happen and what do we do to solve the problem? Even more curious, is it a problem? So there they are, like some sort of bad movie, standing around with a body lying on the floor. It is nighttime and the classic storm is occurring outside complete with pouring rain, thunder and lightning. Those present stare at the figure in disbelief. Some, however, are not surprised. Others shake their heads at the inevitability of it all. A few cry, but what is on all of their minds is this: who is it?! His death has left him slightly disfigured, n ot in a morbid sense, but just enough to make him hard to identify, not only for who he is, but what place he held in all of their lives. There is no question that he once held a position of great power and esteem, and that he once had a profound effect on generatio... ... the first time ever, we as humans hold God's fate in the balance. Perhaps this is not only Nietzche'sperspective, perhaps this is truth. We are all, in fact, responsible for His survival. But like Mark Twain's famous quote about himself, the reports of God's death are a bit premature.    Works Cited Kaufman, Gordon D., God the Problem Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973. Nietzxche, Friedrich. The Gay Science: With a Prelude in Rhymes and an Appendix of Songs New York: Vintage Books, 1974. Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future New York: Vintage Books, 1989. Soloman, Robert C. and Kathleen M. Higgens. Reading Nietzsche . New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. Spinoza, Baruch. The Collected Works of Spinoza   Edited and translated by Edwin Curley. Vol. 1, The Ethics   Princeton: The Princeton University Press, 1985.

Critical Views of Beowulf

Beowulf Critical views †¢One of the oldest and most important remains of the Anglo-Saxon literature is the epic poem of Beowulf. Its age is unknown; but it comes from somewhere between the 7th and the 10th centuries. It is like a piece of ancient armour; rusty and battered, and yet strong. The style of the epic poem is likewise simple- perhaps one should say, austere. Beowulf is indeed the most successful Old English poem because in it the elements, language, metre, theme, structure, are all most nearly in harmony.The author seems mainly bent upon telling us how his Sea-Goth slew Grendel and the Fire-drake. †¢The poem opens with an account of forefathers of Hrothgar the Scylding, king of Danes. He is the builder of Heorot, the hall where Beowulf contends with Grendel. The poem begins with the burial of Scyld, from whom the dynasty of Scyldings take its name. In ancient days, so ran the legend, scyld when he was child, was drifted in an open boat to the shores of Danes.When coming thus out of the secret of the Sea the bark touched the land, the folk found the naked child lying asleep in the midst of arms and gems and golden treasure, took him up and hailed him king. As he came alone and mysteriously out of the sea, so he passes away alone and mysteriously into the sea, and the introduction of the poem describes his burial. With as many treasures he brought, with so many they send him away when he died. And as the poem begins with this burial, so it ends with the burial of Beowulf.His burial is nothing mythic, nothing mystic surrounding it. Beowulf, dead after his fight with the dragon, and his gray hair lying around his hair, is borne to the top of the great cliff that overlooks the sea. The cliff has its own name, Whale’s Ness. †¢The epic is divided into three chief episodes. Yet these three episodes are well wrought and well diversified. They are not repetitions, exactly; there is a change of wrestling with Grendel in the night at Heorot and the descent underwater to encounter Grendel’s mother; while the sentiment of the Dragon is different again.But the great beauty, the real value, of Beowulf is in its dignity of style. †¢The word Grendel, as Lawrence points out, can be associated with the Old English grund, i. e. ground, bottom, or watery depths that we find the lurking-place of Grendel and his mother. †¢SIMILARITY WITH OTHER WORKS: Frederick Panzer in 1910 published the results of a careful study of over 200 folk-tales which have elements of resemblance to the Grendel story. These tales with all their variations of outline have enough in common. One of these is the tale of ‘The Bear’s Son’.From the varying versions of ‘The Bear’s Son, something like a central frame, or outline, can be reconstructed. An aged king builds a hall or house which is nightly haunted by a demon. The elder sons of the king are unable to overcome the invader, but the youngest son, formerly held in little esteem, wrestles with the monster and wounds him. The fight of the demon is marked by a trail of blood. An episode follows in which the hero fights in an underground lair of monsters often against a male and a female.His victory over them, sometimes by a use of a magic sword, frees captive maidens who return to the upper world. But the hero is abandoned by faithless companions, and must without aid contrive means of escape from the monster’s home. The tale often ends with the punishment of the traitors, and the marriage of the hero with one of the rescued maidens. Similarities in this outline to the Grendel episodes of the Beowulf are, of course, general rather than precise. But it seems clear that Panzer is correct in claiming that a relationship exists.

Where Are The Great Women Artists - 1559 Words

Where Are The Great Women Artists? Take sixty seconds to write down all the male artists you know of. Now take sixty seconds to write down all the female artists you know of. The chances are that your first list produced far more artists than your second. Perhaps you have some token women artists such as Georgia O’Keeffe and/or Frida Kahlo in your list. Why do these lists generate more male names than female? Are females incapable of the becoming great artists? Do they have a different kind of greatness? Or, as the feminist art historian Linda Nochlin suggests in her ground-breaking article Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?, there are no great women artists; no female version of Picasso or Van Gogh, because they simply haven’t been allowed to be great. Throughout history women have been seen as the exception to the rule that artists are men. While conditions have improved, women are still excluded from galleries, museums, textbooks, and overall are not granted the same privileges as male artists. Many people insist that today women are granted equality in the art world, yet textbooks solely on ‘women artists’ exist; instead of integrating women into the general history of art there is a whole separate section for them. Instead of simply calling everyone artists terms such as ‘woman-artist’ exist. World renowned museums such as the Museum of Modern Art and the Metropolitan Museum of Art insist that they have ‘integrated women into their collection’, yet theShow MoreRelated21st Century Female Artists : Sex Appeal990 Words   |  4 Pages21st Century Female Artists: Sex Appeal in the Music Industry From wearing cupcake bra outfits to basically performing in a lavish swimsuit, Katy Perry has demonstrated how women in the music industry use sex appeal to captivate their audience. 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